Blockchain Technology and Supply Chain Management in Nigeria: A Literature Review

This study examined the effect of blockchain technology on supply chain management in Nigeria. The study was motivated by persistent challenges in Nigerian supply chains, including poor transparency, weak traceability, data insecurity, counterfeiting, fragmented records, and low trust among supply chain actors. Specifically, the study focused on the effect of decentralization on supply chain transparency, effect of data security on supply chain performance and the effect of smart contract utilization on supply chain sustainability. The study adopted a systematic literature review approach guided by the PRISMA framework. Relevant studies published from 2019 to 2025 were sourced from academic databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Emerald Insight, and SpringerLink, with emphasis on recent literature relating to blockchain technology, supply chain transparency, supply chain performance, and sustainability, hence, a total of fifty-five articles were included in the study out of the 105 found. The review found that blockchain technology can improve supply chain management by creating shared, secure, and tamper-resistant records that support transparency and accountability. Decentralization enhances visibility among supply chain actors, while data security improves trust, reduces fraud, and supports better supply chain performance. Smart contracts also promote sustainability by automating agreements, reducing opportunistic behaviour, and improving compliance with economic, social, and environmental standards. However, the review also showed that blockchain adoption in Nigeria is limited by poor infrastructure, low technological readiness, high implementation cost, weak regulation, and resistance to change. The study concluded that blockchain technology has strong potential to improve supply chain management in Nigeria, but its success depends on the alignment of technological capacity, organizational readiness, and institutional support. The study recommends greater investment in digital infrastructure, staff training, regulatory support, and sector-specific blockchain adoption strategies.